Background: High levels of Serum ferritin are not usual in patients without IRON OVERLOAD. Such condition can be seen in patients with cancer, liver disease or infections, and also can be one of the presentations of a syndrome. In all these condition IRON OVERLOAD cannot be detected and high levels of ferritin dose not mean the lack of IRON depletion or IRON defiiency anemia and are exclusively related to inflammation. Case Report: In this article, a patient is introduced without any history of multiple transfusion and IRON OVERLOAD, with high levels serum ferritin during the process of an infection disease, while she had a moderate IRON deficiency anemia. Conclusion: According to underlying disease and serum ferritin levels in the patient and review of related articles seems that serum ferritin like the CBC, CRP and ESR can act as acute phase reactant so it increase at severity phase of infection and decreased with treatment of it.

BACKGROUND: Plasma IRON excess can lead to IRON accumulation in heart, kidney and liver. Heart failure is a clinical widespread syndrome. In thalassemia, IRON OVERLOAD cardiomyopathy is caused by IRON accumulation in the heart that leads to cardiac damage and heart failure. Digoxin increases the intracellular sodium concentration by inhibition of Na+/K+-ATPase that affects Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), which raises intracellular calcium and thus attenuates heart failure. The mechanism of IRON uptake into cardiomyocytes is not exactly understood.METHODS: We assessed the effect of different concentrations of digoxin on cardiac IRON content in rat model of IRON OVERLOAD. Digoxin had been administrated intraperitoneally (IP) for one week before main study began to assure increased digoxin levels. Group 1 received four IP injections of IRON-dextran (12.5mg/100g body weight) every 5 days evenly distributed over 20 days. Groups 2-4 received 0.5, 1 and 5 mg/kg/day IP digoxin, respectively. Last three groups 5-7 received IRONdextran as group 1 and digoxin concentrations 0.5, 1 and 5 mg/kg/day, respectively.RESULTS: Cardiac IRON contents were significantly higher in IRON OVERLOAD groups that received different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 5 mg/kg/day) of digoxin than their counterparts in control groups and this pattern was also observed in pathology assessment.CONCLUSION: It seems that digoxin plays an important role in IRON transport into heart in IRON OVERLOAD state but exact mechanism of this phenomenon is not clear. L-type Ca2+ channels are good candidates that probably could be involved in IRON accumulation in cardiomyocytes. Thus it would be better to reconsider digoxin administration in thalassemia and IRON OVERLOAD conditions.

The diagnosis of cryptogenic cirrhosis is an exclusion diagnosis. It has become far less frequent over the last decades, but it still effects a significant number of patients. Many previously unknown chronic liver disease entities were described in the second half of the last century, including chronic viral hepatitis B, C and D, along with refined criteria for diagnosing autoimmune hepatitis and insights into the pathogenesis and disease progression of fatty liver disease.

IRON-OVERLOAD is considered as a risk factor for cancer. This carcinogenic effect of IRON-OVERLOAD can be explained by increase in the production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species. Today, besides the treatment of IRON deficiency which is highly prevalent among children and women of childbearing age, preventing excessive accumulation and storage of IRON in the body which may be caused by some genetic disorders or inappropriate use of IRON supplements, is of particular importance. Moreover, the source of IRON intake should be considered while talking about carcinogenic effects of IRON, because during meat processing heme molecule undergoes some alterations which may explain the difference in carcinogenicity of cured meat in comparison with fresh meat. Experimental and clinical studies suggest that excessive IRON intake may be associated with an increased risk of colorectal, liver, breast and lung cancer. However, results of the studies investigating the relation between prostate cancer and IRON are inconsistent. In conclusion, in order to prevent adverse consequences of IRON-OVERLOAD, meeting body’s IRON needs by consuming plant-based sources and white meats, and avoiding processed meats seem to be logical.